Justice and Home Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Justice and Home Affairs - Essay Example An intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic countries , the European Union was founded under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty). Nevertheless, several aspects of the Union did exist prior to that date through a series of predecessor relationships, which dates back to 1951. Today, the Union has a common single market, which consist of a customs union, a single currency (the euro) managed by the European Central Bank (adopted by 12 of the 25 member states), a Common Agricultural Policy, a common trade policy, a Common Fisheries Policy, and a Common Foreign and Security Policy. Passport and customs checks were done away with at most of the EU's internal borders, creating a single space of mobility for EU citizens to live, travel, work and invest. Justice ministers and Interior ministers are brought together by the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) and Interior ministers almost once every two months to talk about the development and enforcement of cooperation and common policies in this area. The creation of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, is a main objective of the EU Treaty. Majority of the things in this field are unanimously decided with a consultation of the European Parliament. ... In 1990, Germany, France and the Benelux countries signed the Schengen Agreement, which was a major step toward cooperation among the Member States in this area. In the years that followed, many Member States acceded to the Schengen Agreement. The objective of the agreement was to introduce genuine freedom of movement of persons without being controlled at internal borders, while providing for desperate measures in the areas of external border controls, visa policy, police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal affairs. The Treaty on European Union, enforced in November 1993, took a further step by including Justice and Home Affairs in its institutional framework, thus adding a further dimension to the construction of Europe. In May 1999 the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty included the Schengen rules into the institutional framework of the European Union. One of the major aims of the Treaty is to retain and develop the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice, in which there would be free movement for individuals coupled with appropriate measures relating to the control of external borders, asylum, immigration, as well as the prevention and fight against crime. The Maastricht Treaty on European Union, which was enforced in 1993, came up with a new legal basis for police and judicial cooperation as well as cooperation in home affairs by completing the Community structure with a third pillar. Cooperation encompasses seven areas of common interest: asylum, the crossing of external borders, immigration, fight against drugs and drug addiction, battling international scam, judicial cooperation in civil and criminal affairs and police and customs cooperation. Because these are often extremely sensitive spheres,

Jollibee Essay Example for Free

Jollibee Essay Tony Tan Caktiong’s Jollibee has been one of the most admired, most copied, most innovative and most professionally-run company here in the Philippines. It has been the number one fastfood chain overtaking giants such as Mc Donalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken or KFC. How did a local jolly red bee knocked down a multinational red-haired clown named Ronald? Let’s see another inspiring story of the founder of one of my ideal businesses. With its success, a Jollibee franchise has now a tag price of P25+ Million (US$ 500,000+). Wow! Tony Tan Caktiong’s Life and his Jollibee company is another rags to riches story of an entrepreneur that truly inspires everyone. Tony was the third of seven siblings born to poor parents who migrated from the Fujian province in China to look for a better life here in the Philippines. Tony to return back to Manila and pursue his course Chemical Engineering at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). In 1975, Tony and his colleagues went on a visit to a Magnolia Ice Cream plant located in Quezon City and learned that it was offering franchise when he saw a poster for it. By the month of May, with his family savings, he took P350,000 to grab the franchise opportunity and opened two Magnolia ice cream parlors named Cubao Ice Cream House. They all worked hands-on but as the business propels, they noticed they could not do it all so they started to set up an organization hired store managers, and trained people. Tony started with just two ice cream. Then after two years, he offered chicken and hamburger sandwiches, because customers were telling them they didn’t want to be eating ice cream all the time. They prepared the food in the back kitchen, and soon noticed that people were lining up more for hamburgers than for ice cream. Then in 1978, when they already had six ice cream parlors, they asked themselves: â€Å"Why don’t we change into a hamburger house?† That was also the time they decided to incorporate and realized they needed a brand name. They were looking for a symbol that would represent the group, and because Tony was very impressed with Disneyland characters, they decided on a bee. The bee is a busy creature that produces honey – one of life’s sweetest things. They thought it would be a very good symbol to represent everybody. They decided they would all be very busy and happy at the same time, because if they were busy but not happy, it would not be worth it. That’s why they put the word jolly and just changed the â€Å"y† into â€Å"i† to form a brand name JOLLIBEE. â€Å"It wasn’t long before we heard that the multinationals were coming in – including McDonald’s. Friends started asking us if we were going to get a McDonald’s franchise but I remember saying, if you franchise, you can’t grow outside the Philippines†, says Tony.

Effect of Gender Equality in the Economy

Effect of Gender Equality in the Economy Michael .O. Sanni Hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between gender equality with respect to economic development. My Initial Hypothesis In the labor market, one may assume that a rà ©sumà © and credentials are the only significant factor contributing to securing a job in an organization, but that proves to be wrong especially for women. Increasing job opportunities and decent work for women is essential for growth that vital for advancing social and economic development (ADB, 2003). After careful observation of countries where social, behavioral, and cultural attributes are the criteria by which individual’s performance is evaluated. I wondered whether or not gender equality had an effect on how well a country’s economy is developing. Based on the mental representation of what we know and expect about girls and women, we tend to be bias in our perception of females being less intelligent, under-skilled and not being clever enough to partake in economic activities. If employers have this type of mindset, I am curious to know under what circumstances gender equality affects the development of a country’s economy. The Empirical Evidence There are numerous factors that determine the social and economic development of a nation, one of which is gender equality. It is a critical component of economic development, it is a basic right that does not need economic vindication. Gender inequality proves to be the causes of poverty in the society as a whole. Yet gender equality has broad and positive implications for social and economic development. A number of studies have attempted to establish a positive correlation between them.Kuznets (1995) thesis regarding a curvilinear relationship between economic development and inequality, propose that economic development and gender equality also exhibit a non-monotonic relationship, marked by three phases. Economic development should improve gender equality in the first phase; in the second phase equality increases or decline slightly; and in the third phase, it should rise again (Eastin Prakash, 2012). Every sector of a nation affect the economy directly or indirectly, take for instance; equality in the educational sector. Hill and King (1993) estimated that the correlation between female education and the gender gap in primary and secondary enrollment on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita between 1975 and 1985 is statistically and economically significant. Countries with a lower level of inequality have higher GNP compare with similar countries that have a higher level of gender inequality. Which means the more equality we have in a country the greater the impact on the economy development. Breaking the barriers of inequality in education matters instrumentally, because greater equality contribute to economic efficiency, achievement and other key developmental outcomes. Human capital is define as the skill, knowledge and physical capacity that allows the labor force to be economically productive. Increasing educational opportunities for women offers them the freedom to accumulate greater skills and expertise in the labor force and thus raise the potential for economic development. More so, women who are learned can undertake valuable economic activities. Abu-Ghaida and Klasen (2002) further provides empirical reseach indicating that a country failing to close the gender gap in education could experience a decrease in per capita income by 0.1 to 0.3 percentage points. Countries are rarely wealthy if they have poor gender equality in education. It has become widely understood that promoting gender equality is crucial for of an effective economic and human development strategy. According to world bank(2013)â€Å"Development community have come to understand that development policies and actions that fail to take gender inequality into account and fail to address gap between males and females will have limited effectiveness and serious cost implications.† The process of development may also lead to the adoption of institutions that favor gender equality. For example, if women are given the chance to participate in various sectors of the economy such as; agriculture, can help put an end to gender discrimination barrier to improve agricultural productivity. Breaking the obstacles of unequal distributions of resources, including credit extension, labor, and fertilizer that leads to inefficiencies which lower yields and profits; and markedly reduces incomes in some countries. This is mostly true for low-income countries, notably sub-Saharan Africa, where agriculture makes up a large proportion of the total economy and where a large number of women participate in this sector. Gender equality will provide educational and employment opportunities for women which will help in alleviating poverty and hunger. More so, children who receive more education are likely to profit more, but girls typically benefit more from extra education than boys according to Psacharapoulos Patrinos, (2002). In many developing countries, this benefit seems greater from secondary and tertiary education than from primary education. Women will also receive higher wages from entering the formal sector than from the agricultural sector, implying that expanding these opportunities for women will further alleviate poverty (Kingdon Soderbom, 2007). The accessible of health care and antenatal health care services will be easier for educated women and those in employment, thus reducing child mortality rates also has an impact on economic development. My Current Opinion My hypothesis was supported. After reading the empirical evidence regarding the effect gender equality has on economic development, I believe it is critical to societal progress both socially and economically. We live in a male-dominated world, but to foster economic growth, alleviate poverty and provide a better standard of living, both male and female have their roles to play, and we need to have a shift in our thinking. Feminist have argued that women and men are born with equal human capacity to learn, develop, and contribute to shaping the world. In 1995 more than 47,000 women and men participated in the creation of the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action. The Platform clearly stated that the empowerment of women and gender equality were critical to international development, peace, and human right. Investing in women education as Lawrence Summers (1992) says, ‘may well be the highest return investment available in the developing world’. Creating opportunities for girls and women to acquire knowledge has reduced the gender gap in almost all countries. In secondary education, these gaps are closing rapidly and have reversed in many countries, especially in Latin America, the Caribbean, and East Asia. Among developing countries, girls now outnumber boys in secondary schools in 45 countries and there are more young women than men in universities in 60 countries (ADR 2012). Empowering women as economic, political, and social stand-in characters can change policy choices and make institutions more representative of a range of voices. In India for instance, giving power to women at the local level led to increases in the provision of public goods, and basic social amenities which mattered more to women (ADR 2012). The mismanagement of women’s skills and talent comes at a high economic cost, gender equality can have large impacts on productivity. Women now represent a majority of the global labor force, 43 percent of the agricultural workforce, and more than half of the world’s university students. Women’s skills and talents should be engaged in activities that make the best use of those abilities, for an economy to be functioning at its optimum capacity. References Doepke, M., and M. Tertilt. 2010. â€Å"Does Female Empowerment Promote Economic Development?† BREAD Working Paper 281, Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development. 20 Dollar, D., and Gatti, R. 1999. Gender, Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women? Background paper for Engendering Development. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Klasen, S., and Lamanna, F. 2009. The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Economics 15 (3): 91-132 World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington DC: The World Bank. Munshi, K., and Rosenzweig, M. 2006. Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy. American Economic Review 96 (4): 1225-52. Klasen, S. 1999. â€Å"Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions.† Background paper for Engendering Development, World Bank, Washington D.C. Klasen, S. 2002. Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development. World Bank Economic Review 16 (3): 345-73 Hill, A., and E. King. 1993. â€Å"Women’s education in developing countries: an overview† in Women’s Education in Developing Countries. Ed. Elizabeth M. King and M. Anne Hill, 1-50. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press. Bertocchi, G. 2008. The enfranchisement of women and the welfare State. Center for Economic Research (RECent) 018, University of Modena and Reggio E., Dept. of Economics.

Icon or Symbol: A Teachers Moral Dilemma :: Education Teaching Papers

Icon or Symbol: A Teacher's Moral Dilemma Works Cited Missing It all happened so quickly. One moment I was at my blackboard, the next moment I was between two juvenile males who were trying to prove a "pride point" with their fists. I had, without a conscious thought about it, drawn a crown on the board. Next I heard chairs hitting the floor and screams of profanity. I was called a not-so-nice name by one of my students, followed by his strange comment: "We know who your favorites in this class are." Another student from across the room overturned his chair and, breath coming fast, managed to get out the words "Don't get on her, man. And don't you never mess with the crown! Don't mess with my blood, man!" Then they were at each other's throats and I was between them, not knowing what had happened. I work at a juvenile prison for all male offenders. Quite honestly, I feel as if my students and I speak different languages sometimes. After talking to students and counselors after this incident, I discovered that the crown I had drawn to represent Prince Hamlet of Denmark was interpreted as a gang symbol by the members of my class. By drawing the crown, I had somehow affiliated myself with the Ghetto Boys of Indianapolis. This angered my students who consider themselves members of a rival gang. What would Shakespeare think of such a situation? I guess the real question is what do I think about such a situation and how do I define my role in the classroom? Peirce's theory of signs and his classification from the point of view of the object of the sign (representant) is helpful in understanding this classroom incident. Peirce defined a sign as "anything which is so determined by something else, called its object, and so determines an effect upon a person, which effect I call its interpretant" (Houser 257). In this view, educators use signs all of the time, to interact with students. In fact, in his article "Toward a Peircean Theory," Nathan Houser relates Peirce's belief that "signs are the matter, or the substance of thought" (257). Peirce goes even further to say that life itself "is a train of thought" (Houser 256). In other words, life and signs are "fundamentally related" and unseparable for all humans (Houser 257). As a teacher, I present my students with signs (representants) in hopes of helping them to understand inf ormation.

Oedipus complex in “Sons and lovers” by D.H. Lawrence Essay

ABSTRACT _This paper discusses about â€Å"Oedipus complex in the life of the main character as reflected in D.H. Lawrence sons and lovers: a psychological approach. The objectives of the study are to explain Oedipus complex in the life of the main character of Lawrence Sons and Lovers observed psychologically._ _This research is categorized into a library research because all sources are taken from libraries. The subject of the research is novel entitled Sons and Lovers by D.H Lawrence. The object of the research about revenges in the novel._ _Some of the important research findings are stated as follows: the first is the character and characterization of the main character. The second is the theory abnormal behavior that caused Oedipus complex in family. The third is the effects caused abnormal behavior or Oedipus complex. Then, there some moral values can be taken from the novel._ _KEYWORDS: OEDIPUS COMPLEX, CHARACTER, PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH._ CHAPTER I In this chapter, as the introduction, the researcher presents the background of the study, identification of the problem, limitation of the problem, formulation of the problems, objective of the study, significance of the study, and presentation of the thesis. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In a family, there are relationship between the members of family such as relationship between parents and their son and daughter. Normally the relation among the members of family is based on love without respect anything although there are gender differences among the members of family causing some factor not rare in a family exist abnormal relationship or deviant relation among mother-son or father-daughter. For example in Indonesia legend there are story tells about deviant relationship among son and mother, where the son (Sangkuriang) wants to married his own mother cause by his interest the parents of the opposite sex. Besides that he also kills his own father as the result of his deviation relationship with his own mother. According to Freud the interested child toward parent of the opposite gender is called Oedipus complex. Oedipus complex is a concept within psychoanalytic theory referring to a stage of psychosexual development where child of either gender regards the parent of the same gender as an adversary, and competitor, for the exclusive love of the parents of the opposite gender. Sons and Lovers is an interesting novel besides this novel also best seller. This novel had written in 1913 and first published, in 1913 by Wordsworth Classics Edition Limited. The story of the novel tells about the deviation relationship between Gertrude Morel and Paul Morel (mother and son), besides that the novel tells about conflict that happened in a family, death of spouse, love affair between Paul morel with two different girls who had become his girlfriends although they cannot replace Paul’s mother position in Paul’s heart. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM Based on the novel, there are some problems that can be identified in novel _sons and lovers_ written by D.H. Lawrence, there are: Paul morel characterization as the main character in the novel psychologically The moral value that can be taken from the novel _sons and lovers_ LIMITATION OF THE PROBLEM There are may problems in _sons and lovers by_ D.H. Lawrence, but the researcher is only focus on the feeling of love expressed by main character in the novel _sons and lovers._ FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM The researcher formulates the problem systematically in the sentences below: What are the characterizations of the main character in the novel _sons and lovers_ written by D.H. Lawrence What are the moral value found in the novel OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM Referring to the formulation of the problem, the objectives of the study are: To describe the characterizations of the main character in the novel _sons and lovers_ written by D.H. Lawrence To describe the moral values found in the novel SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It is hoped that the result of the study will provide the following significant contributions: To researcher of this research; it will give experiences on the way of analyzing a novel To provide the student of English department of Ahmad Dahlan University To help the students who want to know more about literary works written by D.H Lawrence PRESENTATION OF THE THESIS The study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter consist of background of the study, identification of the problem, limitation of the problem, formulation of the problems, objective of the study, significance of the study, and presentation of the thesis. The second chapter is theoretical framework. The third chapter is about the method of the research. The fourth chapter is discussion. The fifth chapter is conclusion and suggestion. CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK This chapter is divided into six items. They include biography of the author, Character and characterization, theory of the psychological approach, theory of abnormal behavior, theory of Oedipus Complex, and moral value. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter who published as D. H. Lawrence. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, and instinct. Lawrence’s opinions earned him many enemies and he endured official persecution, censorship, and misrepresentation of his creative work  throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile which he called his â€Å"savage pilgrimage.† At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as, â€Å"The greatest imaginative novelist of our generation.† Later, the influential Cambridge critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness, placing much of Lawrence’s fiction within the canonical â€Å"great tradition† of the English novel. Lawrence is now valued by many as a visionary thinker and significant representative of modernism in English literature. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION THEORY OF CHARACTER Character is the most important part in a story to recognize individual and figure that involved in the story, for it gives both mental and physical feature of individuals of figure (Sujiman, 1992:16). In literary work character can divided into two groups, major and minor character. The major character can further be analyzed into three groups (1) the protagonist, the very central or hero, (2) the antagonist or the enemy (the challenger) of the protagonist, and (3) the companion(s) or the supporter of the protagonist (Subhan, 2002:8). The Protagonist Protagonist is the character which is the very central and crucial character or the leading actor (actress). He or she usually the hero or the heroine that play an important role in the story, all the settings of the relationship will be connected with him or her, his or her frequent appearance in the story, the protagonist appears from beginning of the story until the story, the title of the novel simply represent the name of the protagonist. The Antagonist Antagonist in the novel usually refers to the enemy of the protagonist or the challenger of the protagonist. The companion of the protagonist may function as the lover of the protagonist. In other words, the companion of the protagonist also plays an important role in the story (Subhan, 2002:11-12) THEORY OF CHARACTERIZATION Characterization is one of the elements which develop the work from inside the novel. This element is needed in competition a literary work. Though the characterization, the reader can understand about the individual character whose life is being told by the author. Nurgiyantoro (2002:165) defines characteristic and attitudes of the character life what is interpreted by the reader’s characterization denotes the personality quality. Moreover, based on characterization Subhan (2003) in his book a Guide to Literary Criticism divided characterization in the novel into two groups, namely flat character and round character. Flat character is the character that has unchanging characterization from the beginning to the end of the story. Round character is just the one, which undergoes changes in the characterization in the course of the story (in the beginning the character is good but in the middle or in the end he/she bad, or the beginning he/she bad but in the middle or in the end he/she become good. THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH According to Rohberger and Woods both literature and psychology discusses people and human lives. Although, sometimes they have different point of view, literature discusses man and his life, which the writer expresses through language in the works of literature. Psychology is a study of man’s life, together with his mind and behavior (1971:16-17). Further, Rohberger and Woods said that this approach brings us to analyze the novel from the  psychological point of view of human being (1971:13). Guerin says that psychological approach is an excellent tool that is most commonly used as an interpretive tool by modern critics to sow by examples how the reader may apply this mode of interpretation to enhance his understanding and appreciation of literature (1979:13). THEORY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR David sue, Derald Sue and Stanley Sue defines abnormal behavior in their book _Understanding Abnormal Behavior,_ as â€Å"behavior that departs from some norm and is detrimental to the affected individual or to others† (1986:15). Colemen said that the causes of abnormal behavior are divided into two: faulty development and severe stress (1972:135). He also said that the people often find the problems in their life caused by their past life or the experiences they had in the past. For instance, somebody may get difficulty in building a happy marriage because of the hurt he experienced in childhood when his parents did not have happy marriage. In addition according to Sue (1986:37), there are two models of abnormal behavior. They are biogenic and psychogenic models. Biogenic model is a physically cripple. They have a trouble in physical appearance. While there are two major distinguished features of psychogenic models. First, the adult’s disorder is caused by the traumas or anxiety that is experienced by the people during their childhood. Second, the anxieties that happen in childhood operate unconsciously which means that they are repressed through mental defense mechanism. This condition makes people show symptoms which they unable to understand. Supranatiknya in _Mengenal Prilaku Abnormal_ (1995:27-31) add the causative factors in abnormal behavior, namely the psychological and the socio cultural factors. Psychological factors There are five factors that caused of abnormal behavior, first, traumatic experience in the childhood, psychological traumatic leaves scars in a child’s until she or he grows up. When nobody cares about this, the child always remembers it and it will disturb his or her life. Second, psychological trauma is the experience that destroys the sense of security, sense of ability, pride and it will be hard to recover from trauma. Third, parental deprivation, lacks of love from the parents, the parents do not provide the children with love and enough attention in their lives. They do not give them emotional stimulus. Forth, pathogenic relationship between and their parents. It creates a lot of problems and hindrances in their lives, for example, rejections, overprotection, unrealistic demands, over permissive, actions, and pampering action, wrong disciplines, lack of communications and irrational communication and wrong patterns from the parents. The last is pathogenic structure from parents. Family structure can determine the variety of communication among the members. A certain family structure makes an unhealthy communication patterns, and it will influence the emergence of hindrances of the members. Socio cultural Abnormal behavior deviation can cause of socio cultural. For the example, first, war condition. Second, people have to take a kind of duty that enforces him to it, for instance he has to kill somebody in war condition, or to be involved a violent situation. Third, people become the victims in the discrimination based on certain groups or political affiliation. Forth, economics recession and unemployment. THEORY OF OEDIPUS COMPLEX Frudian term about Oedipus complex is drawn from the myth of Oedipus, designating attraction on the part of the child toward the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry and hostility toward the parents of its own. It occurs during the phallic stage of the psycho-sexual development of personality; approximately year’s three to five. Resolution of the Oedipus  complex is believed to occur by identification with the parent of the same sex and by the renunciation of sexual interest in the parent of the opposite sex. Freud considered this complex the cornerstone of the superego and the nucleus of all human relationship. Freud in (Nye, 1986:412) points out that â€Å"the most important event during the first five years of life occurs during the phallic stage: the Oedipus complex, because during this stage, the genital organs begins to take considerable importance†. According to Sue (1986:50) during this stage, the incestuous felling for the opposite-sex parent becomes very strong. Frued via Nye (1986:421) argues that his complex is a natural aspect of childhood. It can happen in both sexes. Boys develop a sexual attraction to the mother and want to possesses her and displace the father. It is also happen to the girls. Furthermore, Wolm (1968:72) said that the fear of castration forces the boy to abandon his or her incestuous desire for his mother. The passive attitude conceals an increased fear of and hatred for the father. This resentment toward the father often develops into defiant attitudes against all men authority. The affection for the mother often turns into a dependence relationship, into a passive need to be loved. Over attachment to the mother is feminine component, partial identification with the mother-lay lead, in turn, to a submissive toward women in the future. Oedipus complex that faced by Paul Morel is in a kind of his love toward his own mother. Mrs. Morel is a wonderful figure for Paul. She love all of her children, she spoil them all, especially Paul. Paul relationship with his mother is colored with love and attachment between them. The relationship is not only a relationship between mother and son. They have intimated relationship. Paul attachment to his mother started from his early life and continues on his later life. His live to his mother becomes bigger and stronger. They usually have together in journey like loves. Paul’s love towards his mother has developed since he always finds  peacefulness every time he closes to her. Facing the hard conditions of his family in his daily life, Paul wants to find something different that can make him comfortable. Paul can find what he wants from his mother. Paul never dares hurt his mother; his love is big for her. He considers that there is no deepest love that will give to anybody except his other. â€Å"The deepest of his love belonged to his mother. When he felt he had hurt, or wounded his love for her could not bear it† (p.255) For love to his mother, Paul will satisfy if he can do everything that his mother wants from him. It is a way of Paul to express his love and devotion to his mother. Paul love towards his mother can be included as a form of abnormal behavior which is called Oedipus complex in boys. According to Freud (1986), abnormal behavior a boy develops a sexual attraction to the mother wants to possess her and displaces the father. Furthermore, he says that originally, both boy and girl love their father since he can fulfill their needs. This felling does not persist in Paul morel, he tends to prefer his mother and avoid his father, and he has limited interaction with his father because Mr. Morel is cruel in his family. Besides that he also often builds the feel or horror for his children. Paul had bad experiences with his father. He often sees his father hurting his mother. Paul hates because of the misery that his father brings in his family. Therefore, Paul prefers his mother to share his private stories of his day and his mother shares her feeling to him. The warmth that he receives from his mother makes Paul more loving his mother. There is no other woman can enter his private live, his love to is mother is not disturbed. It is one form of Oedipus complex that faced by Paul morel. He even declares to his other that there is no right woman for him except his mother. He acclaims himself to a man of his mother and she is a girl, and they belong each other. He sees himself stuck close to his mother,  similar to a man stuck close to his lovers. The effects of abnormal devotion of Oedipus complex Paul morel faced is he feels that his mother’s love is a burden that makes him unable to love another woman. When Paul grows to be an adult, he wants to finds a woman for his life, but his mother interferes in his life relation with the women. He is conscious about his inability to express his love to woman he loves. He afraid that the woman he loves is not the â€Å"right† one for him. He cannot love any women under his mother’s shadow. The other effects of Oedipus complex that faced by Paul morel is Paul become depend on his mother. His dependence grows stronger as seen when his mother dies. Paul spontaneously feels as if he loses his world. He is desperate and frustrated because he loses someone he depends on every much. He is not sure to continue his life without his mother accompanying him. Losing his mother means everything to Paul. There is no longer a place to lie down, to share his story, and to love. He loses the tender touch. He always got during his mother’s life. He considers that his mother the only one who could handle his life. Besides all of the effects of Oedipus complex toward Paul morel stated above, he also growing up as a traumatic man. Paul does not want to get married; he does not have a desire to get married. Even though his mother supports him to get married he still does not want to get married. It causes by his love to his mother. He does not want to leave his mother alone. He wants to accompany her during her whole life. MORAL VALUES After having analyzed the novel carefully there is several points that writer take as moral values. Firstly, Mr. Morel bad attitude toward his family is was bringing bad effect toward his children it make his children hate him so much. Actually as a father Mr. Morel must be a good example for his children not the bad one because it is not good for his children development. Secondly, Mrs. Morel over love, protection and affection toward Paul also bring great effect to Paul personality development he become depend, introvert, and sensitive. The above points show that Paul parents have bad influences in his Oedipus complex. Paul’s father cannot do his role as a father for his children, especially to Paul. Paul’s mother does no her role as a mother in great capacity that then too much for Paul. Paul develops abnormally because of the imbalance of parent’s role. Paul cannot grow up as well as the other children of a normally family who have good parents. So the moral values that can be taken from the novel are parents in play their role toward their child must be in balance portion both of father or mother. It tended to make the development of the children in a normal condition did not have abnormal deviation. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD This chapter is about type of research, subject and object of the study, data collecting method and data analyzing method. TYPE OF RESEARCH This research belongs to the library research because the sources of this research are from libraries. The sources of this research are classified into two parts, namely; main source and supporting sources. The main sources of this research is the novel _sons and lovers by_ D.H. Lawrence. While the supporting sources of this research are many references supporting the main source, such as; books on literature and psychology, journals, and articles from the internet sites. SUBJECT AND OBJECT OF THE STUDY The subject of the study is the novel _sons and lovers by_ D.H. Lawrence that published in in 1913, it consist of 423 pages. The object of this study is love of the main character as a son reflected in _sons and lovers by_ D.H. Lawrence. DATA COLLECTING METHOD Data collecting method used in this research is the library study method. The researcher goes to the library and read some books that have relation to the theme of the research. After finding the sources and read them the researcher makes any necessary notes that are used to support the research. After making a notes, the researcher categorizes the data and make it ready to be analyzed further. DATA ANALYZING METHOD Data Analyzing method of this research is qualitative research. This method is started by statement, quotation, or described by explanation. It is used to give clear description about the study qualitative by choosing, considering, defining, and arranging the fixed data. CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter discusses the research findings and discussion of the novel â€Å"_sons and lovers†._ In this chapter, the researcher presents about three points; the synopsys of novel, the characterization of the main characters, and moral values taken from the novel. The synopsis of Novel Mrs. Morel is a wonderful figure for Paul. She love all of her children, she spoil them all, especially Paul. Paul relationship with his mother is  colored with love and attachment between them. The relationship is not only a relationship between mother and son. They have intimated relationship. Paul attachment to his mother started from his early life and continues on his later life. His live to his mother becomes bigger and stronger. They usually have together in journey like loves. Paul’s love towards his mother has developed since he always finds peacefulness every time he closes to her. Facing the hard conditions of his family in his daily life, Paul wants to find something different that can make him comfortable. Paul can find what he wants from his mother. Paul never dares hurt his mother; his love is big for her. He considers that there is no deepest love that will give to anybody except his other. â€Å"The deepest of his love belonged to his mother. When he felt he had hurt, or wounded his love for her could not bear it† (p.255) For love to his mother, Paul will satisfy if he can do everything that his mother wants from him. It is a way of Paul to express his love and devotion to his mother. Paul love towards his mother can be included as a form of abnormal behavior which is called Oedipus complex in boys. According to Freud (1986), abnormal behavior a boy develops a sexual attraction to the mother wants to possess her and displaces the father. Furthermore, he says that originally, both boy and girl love their father since he can fulfill their needs. This felling does not persist in Paul morel, he tends to prefer his mother and avoid his father, and he has limited interaction with his father because Mr. Morel is cruel in his family. Besides that he also often builds the feel or horror for his children. Paul had bad experiences with his father. He often sees his father hurting his mother. Paul hates because of the misery that his father brings in his family. Therefore, Paul prefers his mother to share his private stories of his day and his mother shares her feeling to him. The warmth that he receives from his mother makes Paul more loving his mother. There is no other woman can enter his private live, his love to is mother is not disturbed. It is one form of Oedipus complex that faced by Paul morel. He even declares to his other that there is no right woman for him except his mother. He acclaims  himself to a man of his mother and she is a girl, and they belong each other. He sees himself stuck close to his mother, similar to a man stuck close to his lovers. The effects of abnormal devotion of Oedipus complex Paul morel faced is he feels that his mother’s love is a burden that makes him unable to love another woman. When Paul grows to be an adult, he wants to finds a woman for his life, but his mother interferes in his life relation with the women. He is conscious about his inability to express his love to woman he loves. He afraid that the woman he loves is not the â€Å"right† one for him. He cannot love any women under his mother’s shadow. The other effects of Oedipus complex that faced by Paul morel is Paul become depend on his mother. His dependence grows stronger as seen when his mother dies. Paul spontaneously feels as if he loses his world. He is desperate and frustrated because he loses someone he depends on every much. He is not sure to continue his life without his mother accompanying him. Losing his mother means everything to Paul. There is no longer a place to lie down, to share his story, and to love. He loses the tender touch. He always got during his mother’s life. He considers that his mother the only one who could handle his life. Besides all of the effects of Oedipus complex toward Paul morel stated above, he also growing up as a traumatic man. Paul does not want to get married; he does not have a desire to get married. Even though his mother supports him to get married he still does not want to get married. It causes by his love to his mother. He does not want to leave his mother alone. He wants to accompany her during her whole life. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS Character is the most important part in a story to recognize individual and figure that involved in the story, for it gives both mental and physical feature of individuals of figure (Sujiman, 1992:16). Protagonist is the character which is the very central and crucial character  or the leading actor (actress). He or she usually the hero or the heroine that play an important role in the story, all the settings of the relationship will be connected with him or her, his or her frequent appearance in the story, the protagonist appears from beginning of the story until the story, the title of the novel simply represent the name of the protagonist. Paul is the protagonist of the novel, and we follow his life from infancy to his early twenties. He is good looking, romantic, work hard, and unceasingly devoted to his mother. They are inseparable; he confides everything in her, works and paints to please her, and nurses her as she dies. Paul has ultimately unsuccessful romances with Miriam Leiver and Clara Dawes, always alternating between great love and hatred for each of them. His relationship fails with Miriam because she is too sacrificial and virginal to claim him as hers, whereas it fails with Clara because, it seems, she has never given up on her estranged husband. However, the major reason behind Paul’s break-ups is the long shadow of his mother; no woman can ever equal her in his eyes, and he can never free himself from her possession. After analyzing this novel, the researcher finds some characterization of the main character. They are: GOOD LOOKING Paul is a young man whose physical appearance is handsome. See quotation below: â€Å"Paul made no answer, but passed listlessly in front of his picture and turned towards it. A look joy came into his eyes, as if he had recognized himself for the first time† (Ch II.P.40) ROMANTIC Paul is a romantic person. When he met Clara at the theatre at the first time, he fell in love to her and describe as a beautiful girl. It can be seen in this statement: â€Å"imagine a girl, hardly seventeen years of age, with a little flowerlike face, lips that were like the petals of a rose. She was the loveliest thing I had ever seen† (CH III, P.50) WORK HARD Paul was always work hard to achieve what he wanted. He gave everything he had, his ability, his time to do. It can be seen in this statement: â€Å"I take my half of our final list back to my desk, and I’m about to do a job† CH I, P.15) MORAL VALUES OF THE NOVEL After having analyzed the novel carefully there is several points that writer take as moral values. Firstly, Mr. Morel bad attitude toward his family is was bringing bad effect toward his children it make his children hate him so much. Actually as a father Mr. Morel must be a good example for his children not the bad one because it is not good for his children development. Secondly, Mrs. Morel over love, protection and affection toward Paul also bring great effect to Paul personality development he become depend, introvert, and sensitive. BIBLIOGRAPHY Guerin. 1979. _An introduction Guide to Literature_. New York: Longman. Hornby, A.S. 1985. _Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English_. Great Britain. Oxford University Press. Lawrence, David Herbert. 1993. _Sons and Lovers_. London: reprint in wordsworth classic published. Nye, Robert D. 1986. Three _Psycologies: Perspective from Freud, skinner and Rogers._ California: Brooks/cole Publishing Company. Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 2002. _Teori Pengkajian Fiksi_. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada Press. Rohberger, Mary, and Samuel h. woods, Jr. 1971_. Reading and Writing about Literary_. New York: Random House. Subhan, Bustami. 2002. _Literary Criticism Book One_. Yogyakarta: LPPDMF. _____________ 2003_. A Guide to Literary Criticism._ Yogyakarta: LPPDMF. Sue, David, Derald, Stanley. 1986. _Understanding Abnormal Behavior_. New York: Random House Inc. Sujiman, Panuti. 1992. _Memahami Cerita Rekaan_.bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya. Supraktiknya. 1995. Mengenal Perilaku Abnormal. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. CONCLUSION. Based on the analysis from _Sons And Lovers_ by D.H Lawrence, it can be concluded that, first, cause of the onset of Oedipus complex is preceded by a relationship of harmony in the household Mr. Morel and his wife. Disharmony is mainly due to domestic economic problems and habits of husbands who like to consume liquor. Under these conditions the wife turned their concern to his son, the William and Paul. The Oedipus complex which was one of the crucial themes prevalent throughout the novel was particularly evident through the form of dialogue. As Paul talks more to his mother and the readers witness his stream of consciousness one begins to notice the usual lustful and romantic feelings he has for his mother. This  fact is compounded by his resentment and hatred of his father. Therefore, D.H Lawrence strategizes his plot and character development in such a way as to advance the thematic elements he wishes to presume within the novel. He cleverly engages the reader through the use of these literary techniques to recognize the motifs and themes being portrayed and an element of imagery is created in the same token.

Free Essays on Maslow Rokeach

Maslow’s Theory says that he believes that humans strive for an upper level of capabilities and humans seek the limit of creativity, the highest level of consciousness and wisdom. Maslow has set up a hierarchic theory of needs. All of his basic needs are instinctual, equivalent of instincts in animals. Humans start with a very weak outlook that is then shaped as the person grows. If the environment is right, people will grow straight and beautiful, realizing the potentials they have inherited. If the environment is not "right" they will not grow tall and straight and beautiful. One must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing onto meeting the higher-level growth needs. Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied they may be able to reach the highest-level called self-actualization. The steps of this pyramid starting from the bottom include: Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging needs, Esteem needs and finally Self-actualization. I agree with him on the his pyramid because I think that you can not go on to the next subject or â€Å"level† until the one you are currently on is completed. Different people have different levels of completeness. Rokeach’s Theory was about open and closed mindedness about beliefs, attitudes and values. He had a system that he followed about beliefs, attitudes and values that were as follows: Beliefs vary in centrality: the more central, the more resistant to change. Change in central Beliefs lead to overall change in belief system. Changes in peripheral Beliefs lead to less change in overall system. Value is the most important conception in understanding behavior. Values have two functions: Instrumental (day to day) and Terminal (ultimate aims).... Free Essays on Maslow Rokeach Free Essays on Maslow Rokeach Maslow’s Theory says that he believes that humans strive for an upper level of capabilities and humans seek the limit of creativity, the highest level of consciousness and wisdom. Maslow has set up a hierarchic theory of needs. All of his basic needs are instinctual, equivalent of instincts in animals. Humans start with a very weak outlook that is then shaped as the person grows. If the environment is right, people will grow straight and beautiful, realizing the potentials they have inherited. If the environment is not "right" they will not grow tall and straight and beautiful. One must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing onto meeting the higher-level growth needs. Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied they may be able to reach the highest-level called self-actualization. The steps of this pyramid starting from the bottom include: Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging needs, Esteem needs and finally Self-actualization. I agree with him on the his pyramid because I think that you can not go on to the next subject or â€Å"level† until the one you are currently on is completed. Different people have different levels of completeness. Rokeach’s Theory was about open and closed mindedness about beliefs, attitudes and values. He had a system that he followed about beliefs, attitudes and values that were as follows: Beliefs vary in centrality: the more central, the more resistant to change. Change in central Beliefs lead to overall change in belief system. Changes in peripheral Beliefs lead to less change in overall system. Value is the most important conception in understanding behavior. Values have two functions: Instrumental (day to day) and Terminal (ultimate aims)....

Public Vs. Private University Essays - Higher Education, Free Essays

Public Vs. Private University Essays - Higher Education, Free Essays Public vs. Private University Searching for the right college or university can be a long and painful process. There are undoubtedly hundreds if not thousands of colleges to review. In deciding on a college, you may take in a count the city, the state, and the status of the college or university. But the crucial decision in determining a college or university is if you want to attend a college or a university. Also you must decide if it should be a public or private one. In this essay, I will examine the differences and the similarities of a private and a public university. Private and public universities have many similarities and differences. Starting in admissions, both kinds of universities have similar minimum high school course, standardized test, and class rank requirements for applicants. Applications for enrollment to public universities exceed private universities. When it comes to acceptance, private universities have a higher rate than public universities due to the overcrowding on public campuses. On the cost of going to a university, private campuses are very expensive compared to the public universities. This cost is said to finance better facilities and staff, but you can argue that public campuses have as good if not better facilities and staff also. The scholarships available to pay for the cost in both kinds of universities are more or less the same. On transfer admissions, both are more or less the same. But on the units transferable, public universities are superior because it is transferable in all public universities within the state. One private university units may not be excepted at another. Transferable units are very useful in case you decide to transfer an another university. The undergraduate programs for both kinds of universities are more or less the same. Both kinds have certain specialize undergraduate programs that are very competitive and very hard to get in. Also the graduate programs for both are more or less the same, but both are competitive and very demanding. The alumni connection is much better at private universities than public ones. This connection can be helpful because it can help you find a job or intern in a certain corporation. Deciding on a college or university involves deciding on all the factors available. This essay is the tip of the iceberg when deciding on a college. I hope this essay helped explain a little more to you about private and public universities. July 12, 1998 English 1A

Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Essays Hamlet Essay Hamlet Essay Lorem Nathaniel nomen meum, et ego hodie loqui de Satanism, male maxime religionum semper, translated from latin one of the languages most used by Hollywood to depict Satanists means Hi my name is Nathaniel, and today I will be talking about Satanism, one of the most misinterpreted religions of all times. When most people think about Satanism they think about Latin speaking devil worshipers who sacrifice things from goats to babies. While this may have been true a few hundred years ago, it is now no longer like that and the Modern Church of Satanism tries to make sure that everyone knows that.See, the current Satanic church is more of a form of Atheism or agnosticism. From their very own website, the Modern Satanic Church, says The most important virtue in Satanism is the enjoyment of life. You are God. This is your world and so everyone and everything in it has been placed here for your own enjoyment. Anton Szandor LaVey the founder of the Satanic Church, whi le respected by the community his work is often seen as false. One of the main points of the church is to change the ways of old, they frequently test their old traditions and philosophies, and if it is not found to be useful, or doesnt serve a purpose, they are thrown out to make way for more functional teachings. One of the most important things that the church says, is that no matter what, A Satanist needs no church. They say A person need only declare themselves as Satan and strive to be a god by living a Satanic lifestyle. Yet we must not deny our underlying nature as a social animal. To satisfy this need, the Modern Church of Satan created a community where like-minded individuals can congregate. It is incredibly fulfilling to be associated with others who thirst for knowledge and success, who are compelled to better themselves and who knowingly squeeze every moment out of life, living each day as if it may be their last.

We pursue pleasure and avoid pain. Critically evaluate this statement Essay

We pursue pleasure and avoid pain. Critically evaluate this statement and examine how it relates to at least two different theories of motivation and emotion - Essay Example While the Social Cognitive Theory considers both internal and external factors as sources of motivation, the Humanist perspective takes the internal forces of motivation to be stronger than outside motivation. The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain can come across the central motivation of nearly everything human beings do in their lives. However, a critical examination of the statement in question shows that while the majority of cases will hold true under it, some situations will not (Higgins, 1997). This is because the definition of pain and pleasure may change from person to person depending on the nuances and influences of individual personality. Therefore, the statement is applicable in a general sense for the majority of individuals but for some the pursuit of pain may hold more pleasure than anything else. To better understand the statement and critically evaluate the same, two different theories of motivation and personality will be examined along with how they relate to the question. The theories selected for this paper are the social cognitive theory and the humanistic theory as they apply to motivation and personality. Of course a few definitions have to be laid out before the theories and their applications can be discussed. The two most important definitions for this purpose are personality and motivation. Personality itself can be defined as the collective emotional, thinking, and action patterns which are exhibited by an individual which are more or less consistent over a period of time (Miner & Dachler, 1973). Psychologists and those who study human personality have defined types of personalities and presented theories which help in placing individuals on certain scales of personality (Joy, 2004). Motivation can be defined as the internal desires, needs or wishes which are unique to all individuals in shaping their behavior to meet certain goals or objectives (Grotstein, 2001). Undoubtedly, both of these terms are related at a

Evolutionary Phonology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9750 words

Evolutionary Phonology - Essay Example s new ground in addressing the interrelationship between classic linguistic theory, phonetics and phonological theory to propose a new model of sound patterns, which moves away from some of the assumptions of the previous synchronistic approach. In doing so Blevins’ evolutionary model undertakes a detailed examination of variations in sound patterns and sound changes over a period of 7,000 to 8,000 years and uses this time period to address the similarities between genetically unrelated languages (Blevins 1). â€Å"One of multiple mechanisms leading to regular sound change and regular sound patterns. Within evolutionary phonology, as in traditional neogrammarian models, variability along the hyper-to-hypoarticulation continuum provides the exemplar space from which new phonological representations can emerge† (Sole et al, 151). The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate Blevins’ model of evolutionary phonology and it is submitted at the outset that the defining element of Blevins’ model for phonetics is that she seeks to explain the similarities and developments in sound patterns as opposed to accepting pre-existing assumptions in synchronic linguistic theory pertaining to phonetics and final voicing in particular. Moreover, Blevins undertakes both a quantitative and qualitative approach to her research in order to formulate further research questions regarding the current predominance of a synchronistic model for addressing recurring sound patterns. To this end, Blevins utilises the quantitative approach as a precursor to the qualitative research in order to support her findings in proposing an evolutionary phonology paradigm. Nevertheless, whilst it is submitted that the evolutionary phonology model undoubtedly breaks new ground in addressing causality in recurrent sound patterns from a historicist perspective; Blevins’ work clearly underlines the need to undertake further research in this area. Accordingly, in evaluating Blevins’

Rainwater Collection and Usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rainwater Collection and Usage - Essay Example Moreover, the running costs are quite minimal. Areas best suited for this rainwater collection system are areas with no access to water resources, and areas that receive at least 200mm of rainfall per annum as this system’s effectiveness is pegged on the intensity of rainfall received. Rainwater harvesting systems channel rainwater from the roofs into storage tanks, either placed on the land or underground, through a variety of pipes and gutters. These pipes and gutters should be strong enough to accommodate large amounts of rainwater experienced during the rainy seasons and withstand the windy conditions peculiar to heavy storms (Gould and Nissen 2000, p. 35). The storage tanks, on the other hand, must always be covered to avoid mosquito infestation and contamination from dust, bird droppings and other contaminants. A property owner may choose to use a backup valve like an aqua saver, which automatically switches from rainwater tanks to mains supply whenever available, hence saving the property owner from the hustle of having to manually switch these valves. Rainwater collected through this system can be used in irrigation and washing clothes. However, we note that rainwater harvested from roofs may require treatment as it may be polluted by dust and dirt build on the roof. Moreover, areas accustomed to coal burning and large bird populations may produce roof rainwater contaminated by pollutants such as mercury. Residents in these areas may choose to use the water to flush toilets. It is advisable to allow the first flush of rainwater runoff as it clears the roof of any contaminants present. However, once treated, the water may become suitable for human and livestock drinking. Storm Water Harvesting Another system used in the collection of rainwater waste is storm water harvesting. This refers to the collection, treatment and storage of rainwater that has run off on the earth surface, or on surfaces specifically designed for this purpose. This system no t only harvests run off rain water from drains, roads, parks or playing fields but may also collect snow that melts into storm water systems. The surface run off may be channeled into surface waterways or into water filtration systems tasked with filtering and treating the rainwater before it is stored ready for use. Moreover, surface run off may be filtered by using rain gardens. These are planted depressions that allow water infiltration by accumulating rainwater on the surface, filtering off any pollutants before the water is absorbed into the ground. Once absorbed, the water is channeled into storage tanks via pipes. Swales may, however, be used in place of rain gardens (Gould and Nissen 2000, p. 97). These are low tracts of land, usually marshy, that filter off pollutants from surface run off and improve infiltration. This system of collecting rain water is essential in the collection of water used for irrigation, flushing toilets and even drinking once the water is treated. It is also useful as it collects excessive runoff during heavy storms, which would otherwise lead to expulsion of raw sewage from outfalls when treatment plant capacities cannot handle the combined flow. The main challenge in this system is the removal of pollutants by use of retention ponds this problem is adequately solved. Steeper slopes may

Geneva Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geneva - Assignment Example In adition to this, it was a center of governance and thus received fame just like the Duchy of Savoy was ruled by the Savoy family (Early, 2015). The reformers won the hearts of the people by convincing them that all human beings had fallen and were sinful. They also conducted constant preaching of the gospel to make people believe and understand the message they conveyed to the public (Early, 2015). The doctrine of predestination was taught in Calvinism and refers to Gods control of the universe and what happen in it. It states that God freely and unchangeably purposes whatever happens in the society There were 13000 people living in Geneva during Calvin’s theocratic rule. The Catholics wanted to crash and destroy the city to destroy protestant churches which were heightening competition for followers. This would have helped them to end rivalry for followers (Early, 2015). Geneva was well fortified and thus formed a formidable war machine. It had high walls and controlled gates, which could be very helpful during a war, attack. The Magnin relief could also be very helpful during a war crisis and could help in controlling attackers from entering the city (Early, 2015). The Escalade is the annual festival celebrated in Genera for the victory over Savoyard soldiers who attacked Geneva in December 1602 and wanted to make it their capital city. The Duke of Savoy wanted to take possession of the city (Early, 2015). The main characters that made the Geneva people to be strong in character is the strong belief in their religion. They also had prominent scholars who inspired them and made then have unwavering faith in God and their religion. In addition to this, their scholars were able to interpret the scriptures thus making them understand them better (Early, 2015). Calvinism shaped a society that believed in total depravity because the whole of human kind is sinful. They also believed in unconditional election because

Executive Leadership Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Executive Leadership - Dissertation Example The researcher is effective at team leadership and his team is performing based on Tuckman’s model. His conflict resolution style is collaborative and his spiritual leadership follows Fry’s causal model characterized as high in calling and membership, and correspondingly high in commitment and productivity. The researcher exhibited transactional leadership. The main goal of this researcher is to rev-up his skills and experiences towards transformational leadership, to facilitate his ultimate target of being a transformational coach. The leadership development plan was formulated in the light of the goals and desired outcomes set by this researcher. Table of Contents 1.0. Executive Summary 1 Table of Contents 2 2.0. Introduction 3 3.0. Reflective Self Assessment 4 3.1. Qualities of Leadership 4 3.2. Leadership Skills 5 3.3. Leadership Traits 11 3.4. Leadership Styles 12 3.5. Leader-led Relations 14 3.6. Organizational Politics and Power 14 3.7. Developing Leadership in O thers 15 3.8. Emotional Intelligence 15 3.9. Team Leadership 16 3.10. Conflict Resolution 18 3.11. Charismatic or Transformational Leadership 19 3.12. Spiritual Leadership 20 4.0. Leadership Development Plan 21 5.0. Bibliography 27 Leadership Style and Qualities Questionnaire (2011), viewed 14 April, 2011, http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/mmdi/questionnaire/ 28 Mental Muscle Diagram Indicator [MMDI] (2011), Free online report: Christy Lewis, viewed 14 April, 2011, http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/report/online/ 28 6.0. Appendices 29 6.1. Leadership Style and Qualities Questionnaire and Results 29 6.2. 360-Degree Feedback Comparative Results for 2008 to 2011 30 6.3. Interpretation table for the strength of relationship coefficients 32 6.4. Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EIQ): Snapshot Report Screenshot 33 6.5. Output of Statistical Tests 34 6.6. Leadership Style Questionnaire (Essex, 2011) 40 6.7. Leadership Traits Questionnaire 42 6.8. Team Leadership Questionnaire 43 6.9. Conflict Resolution Questionnaire 47 6.10. Transformational Leadership Questionnaire 50 6.11. Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire 52 6.12. Methodology 54 2.0. Introduction â€Å"Leadership is the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations† (Kouzes & Posner, as cited in Thomas, 2006 p.158). The aforementioned definition of leadership demonstrates this researcher’s simple and all-encompassing vision as a business leader: â€Å"working with people towards our common targets which define our uncommon zeal to innovate and excel†. Hence, this researcher’s personal mission is to â€Å"hone my skills and expertise in order to mature from being a transformational leader to a transformational coach†. This paper is a self-reflection of how this mission can be animated to sustain the aforestated vision. Accordingly, the succeeding paragraphs shall acquaint the reader on the person behind the vision. This researcher is a strategic leader with ove r 15 years of meaningful experience at the management level. The

Wal-Mart vs Target Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Wal-Mart vs Target - Assignment Example Wal-Mart strives to operate under the premise of advocating for low prices while Target simply operates under the premise of focusing on style and fashion (Steverman 12). There are many brands that one can choose to shop in America, but based on their efficiency and affordability of their products, Wal-Mart and Target are the preferred brands. Most of the college students can associate with such brands because they can only afford to shop at stores that are pocket-friendly thus the reason as to why we proposed this project. However, despite the fact that both Wal-Mart and Target are known for their efficiency and affordability, customers can only be loyal to one of them. Wal-Mart and Target have over the decades grown to establish their brands in the market and as a result, both have used different techniques and strategies to propel their growth (Bickle 21). The birth of discount retailing is traced back to the year 1962, which was the first year for operation of Wal-Mart and Target. It is during this period that Sam Walton’s small chain variety of stores was engulfed in competition from other discount chains. As a result, Sam traveled all over the country to study more about the new form of retail concept and based on his vision that most of the American consumers were shifting to a new form of general store he decided to put up the first ever Wal-Mart store. Together with his wife Helen, they both put in approximately 95% into the first Wal-Mart store, which was located at Rogers, Arkansas. Wal-Mart goals ever since its inception has been to provide great value as well as great customer service (Barstow 32). Walton’s vision was focused on establishing the brand at all cost with an aim of improving the lives of the people. During the same year, George Dayton launched the first ever discount Target chain store in Roseville, Minnesota. The two brands henceforth set to become the largest retail chain stores in America attracting larger customer base and  giving their competitors a challenging ground.

Geneva Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geneva - Assignment Example In adition to this, it was a center of governance and thus received fame just like the Duchy of Savoy was ruled by the Savoy family (Early, 2015). The reformers won the hearts of the people by convincing them that all human beings had fallen and were sinful. They also conducted constant preaching of the gospel to make people believe and understand the message they conveyed to the public (Early, 2015). The doctrine of predestination was taught in Calvinism and refers to Gods control of the universe and what happen in it. It states that God freely and unchangeably purposes whatever happens in the society There were 13000 people living in Geneva during Calvin’s theocratic rule. The Catholics wanted to crash and destroy the city to destroy protestant churches which were heightening competition for followers. This would have helped them to end rivalry for followers (Early, 2015). Geneva was well fortified and thus formed a formidable war machine. It had high walls and controlled gates, which could be very helpful during a war, attack. The Magnin relief could also be very helpful during a war crisis and could help in controlling attackers from entering the city (Early, 2015). The Escalade is the annual festival celebrated in Genera for the victory over Savoyard soldiers who attacked Geneva in December 1602 and wanted to make it their capital city. The Duke of Savoy wanted to take possession of the city (Early, 2015). The main characters that made the Geneva people to be strong in character is the strong belief in their religion. They also had prominent scholars who inspired them and made then have unwavering faith in God and their religion. In addition to this, their scholars were able to interpret the scriptures thus making them understand them better (Early, 2015). Calvinism shaped a society that believed in total depravity because the whole of human kind is sinful. They also believed in unconditional election because

Wal-Mart vs Target Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Wal-Mart vs Target - Assignment Example Wal-Mart strives to operate under the premise of advocating for low prices while Target simply operates under the premise of focusing on style and fashion (Steverman 12). There are many brands that one can choose to shop in America, but based on their efficiency and affordability of their products, Wal-Mart and Target are the preferred brands. Most of the college students can associate with such brands because they can only afford to shop at stores that are pocket-friendly thus the reason as to why we proposed this project. However, despite the fact that both Wal-Mart and Target are known for their efficiency and affordability, customers can only be loyal to one of them. Wal-Mart and Target have over the decades grown to establish their brands in the market and as a result, both have used different techniques and strategies to propel their growth (Bickle 21). The birth of discount retailing is traced back to the year 1962, which was the first year for operation of Wal-Mart and Target. It is during this period that Sam Walton’s small chain variety of stores was engulfed in competition from other discount chains. As a result, Sam traveled all over the country to study more about the new form of retail concept and based on his vision that most of the American consumers were shifting to a new form of general store he decided to put up the first ever Wal-Mart store. Together with his wife Helen, they both put in approximately 95% into the first Wal-Mart store, which was located at Rogers, Arkansas. Wal-Mart goals ever since its inception has been to provide great value as well as great customer service (Barstow 32). Walton’s vision was focused on establishing the brand at all cost with an aim of improving the lives of the people. During the same year, George Dayton launched the first ever discount Target chain store in Roseville, Minnesota. The two brands henceforth set to become the largest retail chain stores in America attracting larger customer base and  giving their competitors a challenging ground.

Native American Land Rights Essay Example for Free

Native American Land Rights Essay As the Native population continues to grow and create an abundance of resources such as casinos, the White Man has found ways to take the land needed to sustain such growth away. The Native American population always has inhabited the land we now live on and we the Americans have come on to that land pushing them into reservations and controlled situations. With the growing flow of residents the American government has forced the American Indians to uproot themselves repeatedly causing the loss of several lives, as well as the loss of land that they had possessed for centuries. Over the years this tribulation caused friction between the American Indians and the American government to the extent that one tribe, the Sioux Indians hosted the invasion of Wounded Knee. Over the years the White Man has come onto Native lands and gradually pushed them out, using the land for whatever they have need to. In the 1800’s the White Man has taken several rights from the American Indians and tried to keep them under control under the guise of creating harmony, and putting them on reservations as an act of control. With the creation of the Dawes Act American Indians the American government gave land to the Indians on the reservations and noted it as creating harmony, but without the knowledge of Native Americans. In the mid-1900’s with the growing populations and the continuing need the American government came into reservations and took youth off the reservations and placed them in homes to educate and intergraded them into the civilized world creating less on the reservations to be responsible for. With the idea of work and a new life away from the hardships of life on the reservations the government offered to help integrate them into city life by giving them housing and education as well as the opportunity to work. When the Indians who chose to accept this offer arrived in the big cities they were surprised to find that they would be placed with several others in rundown motel rooms. They would be treated like the foreigners who had come from other countries, and they would have just as much luck as well. As a result of all the hardships caused by the American government and the control enforced by them, the American Indians grew increasingly upset and chose to rise up against the government to take back lands originally belonging to them. After years of being mistreated the Sioux Indians made the decision to take back Wounded Knee site of the last American and Native war resulting in the Siege at Wounded Knee in 1973. In the early 1800s and during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, Americas policy had been to allow Native Americans to remain east of the Mississippi as long as they became assimilated or civilized. [ (Remini, 2001) ] The native peoples who chose not to be assimilated were forced to move into camps and to prepare to make the journey to the western side of the Mississippi. Congress came up with an idea to trade lands with the Indians from the east to the west, and then the ones who chose not to transition into the â€Å"civilized† way would be moved. Those who chose not to conform were taken from their homes and moved to camps, to begin a journey to a new and different land. This Journey would be later deemed the Trail of Tears, for the thousands upon thousands of lives that would be uprooted from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs. During the journey More than two thousand lives would be lost as a result of illness and disease. When the journey was over land was allotted to the tribes, this was called the Dawes Act of 1887. As part of this act Families would get 160 acres, individual adult males would get 80 acres, and single minors would get 40 acres each. At this point Native women were ineligible to receive land. By 1891 the Dawes act was amended to dole out the land equally to all adults, but in doing so the amount was cut in half. Nearly a hundred years later after dealing with the Five Civilized Tribes and ongoing problems on the reservations the American government came up with the Indian relocation Act of the 1950s and 60s. This time the government came on to the reservations promising a college education and work for anyone willing to leave the reservation and come to the big cities and make their lives there. Several of these Natives agreed to leave, and were put on busses and taken places such as New York and Boston. When they arrived they were placed in run down motels with several others after the same thing. What these people were not tell was that they would have just as much chance of getting a job as any other foreigner coming from other continents. The gradual takeover of the native youth led to the Incident at Wounded Knee, witch began on February 27, 1973. â€Å"Founded in 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) is an organization dedicated to the Native American civil rights movement. Its main objectives are the sovereignty of Native American lands and peoples; preservation of their culture and traditions; and enforcement of all treaties with the United States. (Free Online Law Dictionary) The battle of Wounded Knee was in its self a part of the American Indian Movement in witch several tribal peoples banded together with one thing in mind. The take over at historical Wounded Knee began as a peaceful takeover, and ended in a 71 day full-on occupation of the area. The Sioux Indians were fighting for the return of land that they belived belonged to them. The take over was intended to raise awareness, and made the news and brought on a full scandal. Tribes from all over came to Wounded Knee to aid in the support of the tribes plea to get their land back. The siege was carried out much like that of the days of old with guns, and individuals riding around patrolling the borders on horse back. The incident began in February 1973, and represented the longest civil disorder in the history of the Marshals Service [ (United States Marshals Service) ]. The end result would be a long difficult process with the loss of two lives and several wounded on both sides, all this going on at the same time as the Watergate Scandal. The American government has been taking back the land of the Native peoples for years, some temporarily in deals with local tribes, others permanently. As stated in Wikipedia’s article on the Indian reservations,† With the establishment of reservations, tribal territories diminished to a fraction of original areas and indigenous customary practices of land tenure sustained only for a time, and not in every instance. Instead, the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the authority, first, of the military, and then of the Bureau (Office) of Indian Affairs. † So then Not only has the government told Indians were they could and could not live they have also taken over the ownership of law on these reservations allowing for tribal laws to fall second to the American government. Are Native Americans, currently living in the same way? In research done by Edward Blakemore of the University of Dayton School of Law, he researches the use of land taken back from the Native American inhabitants. He states in part of his research this, â€Å"What little portion of land theyve been permitted to inhabit by the US government is being reacquired for use as toxic waste sites†(Blakemore, 1998). What Blakemore is trying to say is that the land that the government is taking back from the Native peoples is going towards sites that have a negative effect on the land, and that by doing so we are taking the land that they need and essentially throwing it away. Further research with this topic states that the government has looked at the Native American communities as synonymous with poverty, and yet we need to be helping the natives Americans in their long going quest for self-determination and sovereignty. Though America struggles to find room for its expanding population the Native American population seems to grow and yet the land they have seems to be decreasing. Why is it that some Americans have become so negative towards the native communities around them when they are the ones who lived here long before us. Through history the Native American population ahs fought with the white mand in an effort to remain as a equal party in the rights regarding land occupation. Through many wars and protests the people have shown that Native Pride is strong and that they will never give in, these are a people with a strong cultural tie to the land that we the white man now occupy, and call our own. Is it right what we have, and continue to do with the land we now reside on? Maybe, maybe not that is a question for each and every individual on there own, no one man can say. Blakemore, Edward, Native Americans, and Land 1998, http://academic. udaton. edu His90 History Channel, Indian Relocation Act of 1890, http://www. history. com Remini, Robert V. Indian Removal Act, 2001, http://www. freebase. com United States Marshals Service, The siege at Wounded Knee, 9/17/05, http://www. usmarshals. gov American Indian Movement Legal definition, Free online Law Dictionary, a href=http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/American+Indian+MovementAmerican Indian Movement/a.

What Caused The Korean War History Essay

What Caused The Korean War History Essay The North Korean leader, Kim Il Sung invaded South Korea on 25th June 1950, with about 89,000 of his troops and tanks achieving total tactical and strategic surprise against only 38,000 South Korean soldiers. They were fully armed with heavy weapons and equipment supplied by Stalin and the Soviet Union.  [1]   The war that started in 1950 which lasted for three years can be analysed under two aspects: political and ideological. Analysing ideologically, communist within the region of China, Soviet Union and North Korea, desired to secure the Korean Peninsula to be a part of communist bloc. Politically, the West and the USSR growing tensions and the emergence of the cold war intensified the stability that stemmed from a divided Korea. This essay will examine the causes of the Korean war including factors such as the historical, ideological differences and the primary causes of the war which are believed to be the division of Korea in 1945, the character of both leaders, kim II Sung and Sungman Rhee, as well as the influences of International actors, in particular capitalist West (namely the US) and the communist East (namely the Soviet Union but to a lesser degree, China), and the difference in policies of the United States and the Soviet Union toward North and South Korea. In order to understand the causes of the war in Korea, it is essential to look at the history of the country. When in the 1880s Korea opened its gates to the western world, pro-Chinese, pro-Japanese, pro-Russian and pro-American factions all emerged, It is also to be kept in mind that Japan ruled Korea for more than 40 years from 1904 to 1945 until the USA and Soviet Union agreed to expels the Japanese territory by the USA taking over the southern region of Korean to the 38th parallel whilst the Soviet Union would occupy the northern part.  [2]   In 1910, when Japanese ruled Korea and established a rough direct over its people, It was then that the elite class such as businessmen, landowners and manufacturers were not irritated but merely continued to do their jobs as the circumstances facilitated them. Conversely, the lower and workers class emerged in opposition and demanded urgent reforms in the country. The Japanese plan was to defend home islands by maintaining control of Korean Peninsula which resulted in political and cultural repression, there was also growth of Communism and Conservative nationalism at that time. As soon as World War II ended the tension was clear, one of the most important features of the post-world war was the appearance of a clear and obvious global competition for spheres of influence between the Soviet Union and the USA. The division of the country by 38th parallel by US and USSR had implicit the continuation of the civil tension as the people were divided politically and ideologically.  [3]  The Koreans were not trusted to rule Korea independently. The region being separated by the USA and USSR was the reason that the country had to remain separated into two halves as both super power countries had their own way to set up the legitimacy and execution of the political and economic issues of the country. These changes having being occurred in the region came to the situation that the regions could not be joined again as a single territory.  [4]   William Stueck argues convincingly;Soviet-US occupation of Korea, especially without precise agreements on its nature and duration, greatly reduced Koreas prospects for a smooth transition toward independence and unityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and furthermore] the division of the independence movement into Communist and anti-Communist groups compounded the potential problems in constructing a unified, indigenous government.  [5]   This division was possibly the most significant event in the history of Korea, as, if the country had not been separated by force by the outside powers, arguably there would not have been a Korean War. Of course, this is debateable as, when the Japanese surrendered, the possibility of a civil conflict due to those inequities and imbalances Koreans had suffered historically, was in fact defeated by the involvement of the Soviet Union and the USA.  [6]   The division had many consequences on the economy, one of the most pressing issues was the economic crisis between the two territories following a mass departure of around 2 million Koreans from the North to the South, today the South Korean population is double that of North Korea. This mass exodus was due to the fact that resources were also divided, the North gained in natural resources, whereas the South now had two-thirds of the workforce and the country was in crisis, Therefore, civil tension continued between varying ideologies in the two territories throughout. Furthermore, this division affected the cultures of both Koreas especially in regard to military, political, ideology and foreign alliances. On both sides the tension caused by division meant that the military became important.  [7]   The USA established a military government in South Korea whereas Soviet Union did so in North Korea. The region rule by the Americans was given to 24th corps US Army headed by General John R. Hudge whereas; the Soviet Union gave this responsibility to the 25th Army, the 1st Front of Soviet Far Eastern Front Forces (under Col. General Ivan M. Chistiakov). The masses of Korea opposed the military rule in their respective countries, which caused a high level of dissatisfaction, especially in the South. Furthermore, the US Army was unprepared for the mission to rule South Korea as compared to the Soviet Union.  [8]   The Moscow agreement was a great shock to the Korean people, who expected independence. They directly launched a nationwide movement opposing the trusteeship. The communist initially opposed trusteeship, but quickly changed their attitude later under a directive from the Russians. After Moscow conference divisions deepened between North and South, resulted in an economic, political and social unrest in South. The USA support was wavering and hesitate to support South who wanted a change in their political and economic position. However, the Soviet determination for North was to dominate through Communism. The USA still kept on safeguarding its own interest and tried every way in which Communist party could be stopped to come into power if Korea was reunited.  [9]   The United States policy toward Korea was non-ideological, at that time, the US considered Korea nothing more than a secondary objective to the security and defence of Japan. Korea continued to be a secondary objective because partly of the great distance between the two countries and partly because the US thinks that Korea is a minor strategic value.  [10]   On the other hand, the Soviet Union had a historical interest in Korea, North Korea was vital to the ideological interests, and strategic objectives of the Soviet Union to safeguard the rights obtained in Manchuria in return for the declaration of war against Japan in the final days of World War II, This was all the more so because of their need to cope with the American influence in South Korea, and the growing communist influence in China. Therefore the policy of the Soviet Union toward North Korea was constantly strong from the start.  [11]   With the rise of Marxism- Leninism in Russia in 1917 and the emergence of the struggle between Nationalists and Communists in China in the 1920s, Korean exiles inevitably took sides, with traditionalists of a Confucian stripe looking to the Nationalist Chinese, Liberals of a capitalist, democratic bent appealing to the Unites States, and radicals casting their eyes toward the Soviet Union and/or the communist Chinese.  [12]   Americans entered South Korea to keep Japan disarmed, but it was clear that they were unaware of the development they had to make in the region. The United Commission as forced by the USA voted for elections in Korea, the communist bloc of the region boycotted the elections and Syngman Rhee was declared as the President of South Korea.  [13]  It can be argued that the UN intervention is a fledging organisation which been forced into action. There was a little credibility due to alignment with the US. South Korea was not fully prepared for the war because the South Korean leader had not been much aware of the war issues as compared to North Korean leader Kim II Sung who appeared to be in power assisted by Colonel Alexandre Ignatiev and General Ternetiv Shytykov who were a part of the Soviet occupying force. Communism was quickly spread throughout the country by the police oppression, pressure and violence.  [14]   There was no attempt to examine closely the communist ideology of the leftists, to discover how far they were the creatures of Moscow, and how far they were merely vague socialists and nationalists who found traditional landlordism repugnant. No allowance was made for the prestige earned by the communists dominant role in armed resistance to the Japaneseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Given time and encouragement, [the KPR]..might have offered South Korea its best prospect of building a genuine democracy.  [15]   The failure then, ultimately of the US in Korea, was to side with reactionary, conservative factions who were inextricably linked to the period of Japanese colonial rule. In their view, they found it easier to deal with the ones that have had been for the same tasks and orders at the times when Japanese used to rule the nation, as opposed to helping to organise and mustering a viable future leadership from the many leftist factions, which though often divided among themselves nevertheless had the genuine support of a significantly large section of the Korean population. But if this was a US failure then it was also a failure of the Soviets as both countries chose to exclude the Korean leaders from any representation of the country, aimed at setting up a five-year trusteeship for the nation in question, prior to free elections being held. In the meantime, it was decided that the US and USSR, respectively, would take responsibility for governing the two halves of the country: in the s outh General Hodge led a US military government, and in the north the Soviets oversaw a communist-style rule.  [16]   It was decided in 1946, that the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) would start to shape her military in order to protect her interdependence, this idea was urgently shaped into reality and at the end of that year they had created two divisions. North Korea kept on doing reforms in the army so that the South could find no way to harm it. By 1949, the military was equipped with a tank brigade, engineers, signals, anti-aircraft artillery, and one more infantry division. They were also on the initial stage to create their navy and air force, furthermore they sent two infantry divisions to fight in Manchuria against the Chinese Nationalists specifically in order to gain experience needed to be ready for any offensive attack against South Korea.  [17]   The main aim of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea was to safeguard the workers republic and the acts and the efforts of the Workers Party as well as the creation of forces was the reason why the government remained active. In the meantime, Kim II Sung kept on getting stronger and appeared as the Premier of DPRK in 1948 and was nominated as the Chairman of North Korean Workers Party in 1949.  [18]  He was Known as great leader in North Korea. Conversely, Rhee appeared as a leader of South Korea who was anti-communist. He wanted the China civil war to end in favour of the Nationalists. Among his concern was to wash away the Communist and demolish any Communist power or influence in Korea before the situation get worse and developed into a civil conflict. He, as with the Americans, believed that the Communists in Korea were a puppet of the Soviets; therefore, he believed that some kind of police intervention was needed to limit their influence. As his thoughts involved any actions that kept the communists away, he ideologically influenced the minds of people and made certain reforms to forcefully strengthen the country which drew an ideological line between North and South Korea.  [19]   The USA did not seem to back any actions or thoughts of Rhee as they were aware of the fact that Rhee attempts to attack the Northern part, the circumstances would not appear in favour of either. The USA could not be seen to be supporting any attack against the North as it would be regarded as an attack against the Soviet Union. South Korea was somehow in control of Rhee and he kept on using the force against the communists especially after 1946 elections.  [20]  South Korea was blamed for the start of the conflict. Rhee prompted border clashes prior to the invasion from the North such as that he executed some of the Northern civilian because they were spying and this was the ignition of the war. This idea that South Korea began the war was also insisted by Cummings who said that Rhee deliberately went for such actions so that the USA would support and intervene which will allow Rhee and his forces to invade North Korea.  [21]  On the other hand some argue that it was indeed North Korea who began the war and therefore had to plan the situation before hand and did such actions to initiate the war. Nonetheless this does not mean that Kim II Sung from North Korea was the one who necessarily caused the war. In May 1950, the strengths and weakness of North Korea and South Korea described as follows: It says that North Korea had organised areas with strong military and efficient divisions. North Korea had the potential that if guerrilla war started, it would be able to defeat the other side. Conversely, the South Korea did not have much potential to fight against the North as it was politically bent into conflicts and was equally losing its economic grip. Moreover, the military was far less efficient than that of the North. Tension along the 38th parallel had been serious since 1947 but was worse on some cases. It was assumed that any time the civil war could begin nevertheless the tactics that were to be used in the war were still unknown.  [22]   To understand the reasons for the escalating hostility between the super powers countries over Korea, related in developments in China. As the year 1949 was marked with the independence of Peoples Republic of China, it was then that the communist leader Mao Zedong appeared as victory over Nationalists forces on the country.  [23]  The Chinese were fully supporting the Communists in North Korea, Furthermore, tens of thousands of North Korea troops were receiving their military training and equipment from China. Mao Zedong also attempted to insist for a reunite of Korea in which communist will rule and the whole region will appear as a strong communist bloc of the region. South Korea and the USA were totally aware of the developments and were really concerned about the strong communist being spread in the area.  [24]  It worth mentioning here that North Korea assisted Maos communist during civil war. From UN perspective, UN refused to accept Legitimacy of communist rule and sus pended Chinas membership. As the communists gained strength in the region, the Americans and South Korea feared that this will end in a complete failure of the Nationalists. For this reason, Taiwan was used as a final weapon to weaken the communists. It is evident that the inhabitation and alteration in Taiwan were clearly tied to the Korean issue as the Nationalists could only be strengthened in that way. The Nationalists on Taiwan heartedly supported South Korea and showed full opposition to the emergence of communists strengths. The USA feared that having communists spread in the region means that the full control of region will be under the Soviet Union or China power, For the Americans, the advantage they feared which could be gained by Stalin in case the Taiwan was occupied or won by communist and therefore made them decide better defensive action for the stabilisation of South Korea.  [25]   In terms of President Truman involvement and the USA, it is obvious that they were awkward as they had not completely closed the chapter of World War II and still feared the Communist lobby to overrule them. As McCarthyism spread and communism kept on making its roots stronger across the world. This fear was also felt in Trumans government and they were afraid of the spread of communist around the world. As Mao Tse-tung gained power in China and the Soviet Union went for nuclear tests in 1949, the USA was even worried about communism and altered their foreign policy which was deeply dependent on the developments of Asia.  [26]   The Soviet Union did not cooperate with the USA and did not answer any attempts that the USA military governments in South Korea made. For this reason, the problem of solving the dispute between the North and South Korea was moved to the back row. The Americans tried to discuss and come up with an agreement to solve the economic and refugee problems and establish political measures for the future of Korea. The first priority of both super power governments was to have their own problems solved.  [27]   Developments in Asia were the reason that the USA feared the world to a large extent depended on the South Asia politics and the decisions that the countries in South Asia made. North Korean invasion made the USA redesign their thoughts about Asia. The American foreign experts thought that the Soviet Union has somehow lost some power in the region and it is China that gained power gradually and become a danger in South east Asia.  [28]   Americans at that point realised significance importance to remain in the scenario. It argued that Domino principle of Stalins communism had to be stopped in the region and if not urgently brought to a halt, communism will influence the Western Europe and therefore will be a great danger to invade Europe as well. Analysing all the circumstances, it was decided that the USA start aiding South Korea which was formally announced by President Truman on 27th of June 1950.  [29]   In Conclusion, it is illustrated that no one can ignore the differences in the ideology and political affiliation of North and South Korea; this was not necessarily the basis for the conflict in Korea. It is evident that the attempt of North Korea to invade the South ignited war, but the attempts of South before invasion could not be simply ignored. The situation that created instability from 1945 to 1950 was because of South Koreas attempts to stop communism from being spread at any cost. Before being invaded, Korea as a country had many social and political issues that needed to be dealt with sincerity. The activates and policies of the two super power are the reason that Korea could not be reunited afterwards. The United States did not wish to see South Korea incorporated within the communist sphere but would make the defence of South Korea a priority. It was the Soviet Union that supported Kim II Sung to act against South Korea from April 1950 to June 1950. It was perceived by Russia that it will result in support of North Korea from inside the Southern part and that the USA might not be able to handle the issue. China was involved deeply before June 1950 and Kim II Sung told Mao Tse-tung that it would be necessary for China to intervene. The Korean War was both a civil and an international war. The two Korean states failed to resolve the issue. 38th parallel kept on bearing tensions ignited by both North and South Korea for many years which finally made North Korea to start war against South in which the Soviet Union completely supported North Korea. Kim II Sung and Syngman Rhee equally heated the issue and remained the centre of wrong activities from 1948 to 1950.  [30]   The Korean issue could not be tied to just one actor; it had many actors that acted for their own benefit with non-playing role for the benefit of united Korea. It is understood that the international powers played their role as per the wishes of Kim and Rhee but more specifically all the super powers deep inside wanted their own interests to be safeguarded behind the curtains of Korea. The Soviet Union and the USA never purely identified that reunited Korea as the major cause but their failure to understand the issue and act accordingly brought the situation to such an extent where war continuously emerged. North and South Korea both are to be blamed for making matters worse as well as the super powers that did not understand the conflict from its soil. After Chinese military intervention, the USA was more concerned about communism being spread. Korea was a victim of her own leaders and of the mutual suspicions and hatreds of the superpowers in the Cold War. Finally, it is very vital that this essay has shown the international and historical context of the conflict. However, due to the conflicting ideas from revisionists and traditionalists it is difficult to establish a clear blame here. Although, North and South leaders were not passive in this war, they had a very strong military and political role to play. Both Kim and Rhee managed to use their international actors. James Matray argues that ultimately Soviet- American failure to co-operate prevented Koreas peaceful reunification  [31]  which is a major factor to cause the war.